That’s obviously just the basic adventure balance. There are certainly social issues that arise from having 10 players in a game (time between turns, ability to get spotlight time, etc.) that no amount of mechanical design can help with, but there have been many volumes of DM advice written in the past to cover such things.
Will NPC villains in D&D Next be "built" like player characters, with classes and specialties, or will they be "built" more like monsters? Ideally, both—or rather, whichever way the DM wants to do it. We have certain expectations for what average monsters of various challenge levels should look like, and building an enemy NPC to those specifications should work just fine. The guidelines for designing monsters should work the same way when designing enemy NPCs. That way, the DM that wants to design NPCs quickly or the DM who just wants to provide them with a few iconic abilities can do so without having to go through a more involved process.
However, we know that there are DMs that enjoy having their NPC villains built just like player characters. In those cases, what we’ll likely do is allow the DM to build the NPC, then provide guidelines for comparing the end result of that character creation system to our expected values in the monster design system, then derive the NPC’s XP value from that. Regardless of how the NPC is built, the important thing is how tough and deadly the NPC is in play, and our XP system should be able to take whatever the numbers are—no matter how you built the NPC—and help you determine the appropriate XP value. Building a highly dangerous NPC is no different from building a highly dangerous monster, and how the DM gets to the statistics should be a matter of personal preference.
How will you define the "adventuring day?" The conceptual definition is, “The quantity and relative danger of hazardous challenges that a character can handle between long rests.” The more practical definition is that it’s the amount of XP worth of monsters, traps, exploration hazards, and other things that players can overcome in between long rests. The long rest—a.k.a. sleeping overnight—is our “reset button” for player abilities. In order to help the DM design adventures, we provide guidelines for filling the time between long rests with challenges that are appropriate for the characters’ levels, based on the resources we have given to those players. This is expressed in the form of an amount of XP. Since most hazards and monsters should have an XP value associated with them, the DM can simply populate the adventure with that many XP worth of challenges and feel secure that the adventure is balanced so as to provide a challenge for the players. Of course, we also provide guidelines for running adventures that are easier or harder than our expected middle ground, allowing the DM to tweak accordingly.
It can also work the other way around; if the DM wants to design the adventure first, populate a dungeon with monsters as he feels appropriate with no regard for balance, the DM can then compare his or her creation to our expected guidelines to get an idea of where the break points in the adventure will come in. This can help prepare the DM for how the adventure should play out, and can also provide suggestions for places where the DM may want to include safe places to rest in the middle of the adventure, based on those break points.
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