| The           Spathology of Medieval and Renaissance Sword FormsIn the continuing effort             to bring greater learning and scholarship to the serious study and             practice of European weaponry, ARMA, as the premier Internet site             for Medieval and Renaissance fighting arts, presents the following             general definitions. This brief list is intended to aid students in             study and dispel some of the many myths and misconceptions surrounding             the subject. Swords from the             Dark Ages to the             High Middle Ages
 
  Medieval             swords existed in great varieties over a number of centuries. Both             experimentation and specialization in design was constant. But certain             common characteristics can describe the "generic" medieval sword as             a long, wide, straight, double-edged blade with a simple cross-guard             (or "cruciform" hilt). It might be designed for one or two-hands.             The typical form was a single hand weapon used for hacking, shearing             cuts and also for limited thrusting. This style developed essentially             from Celtic, Germanic, Anglo-Saxon, and late Roman (the spatha)             forms. The Viking and early Frankish forms (the "spata")             are also considered to be more direct ancestors. Medieval swords can             be classified (typically by hilt design) into a great many categories             by curators, collectors, and military historians. However, students             & re-creationists today should prefer the actual historical terms.             At the time, long bladed weapons were simply referred to as "swords,"             or for the longer ones often a "sword of war," "war-sword" (French             or), or even a "long-sword." Various languages might call them by             Espée             du Guerreschwert,             svard,             suerd,             swerd,             espada,             esapadon,             or epee. When later worn on the belt by mounted knights they might             be called an Arming-sword. Arming-swords were also considered "riding-swords"             (also parvaensis             or epeecourte).             It is this single-hand form which is so closely associated with the             idea of the "knightly sword" (c. 1300). The challenge of armor in             the Age-of-plate, forced many blades (both single-hand and longer)             to be made narrower and pointier, but also thicker and more rigid.             From at least the late 1300’s in England, a single-hand blade             of this form was referred as a "short swerde."  In 15th century             Germany, it was the Kurczenswert.             At this same time, as a result of the increased use of thrusting techniques             some blades adopted guards with knuckle-bars, finger-rings, and/or             sides-rings which lead to the compound-hilt. In later Elizabethan             times, older one-handed medieval type blades became known as "short-swords"             while the larger variety were still referred to as "long-swords."             The term "short sword" was used later by 19th century collectors to             refer to any style of "shorter" one-handed swords typically from ancient             times on. 
 The Viking Sword The Broadsword From             mostly the 8th to 11th centuries, Norse swords were noted for the             unique design and the tempering patterns that were often visible in             their blades. What made the weapon stand out was that it was resilient             and robust against the kinds of armor and shields they regularly encountered.              Wielded one-handed in conjunction with a shield it could make             ferocious slashes and chops, deliver good thrusts, do all this without             breaking or bending yet still hold a keen edge.  It combined             sturdy reliability and sharpness with lightness and strength to make             a versatile weapon that in the right hands could penetrate hard chain             or leather armor as well as softer furs and cloth.   That             it was also a beautiful object whose manufacture was part mystery             only added to its allure.  Though the Norse came to eventually             adopt easier to produce designs of continental origin, and also used             short single-edge blades, such as the scramasax orscramanseaxe (from             which the Saxon people derive their name), it is the double edge variety             with a wide flat pommel and short guard that became associated with             them.
  A             term popularly misapplied as a generic synonym for medieval swords             or any long, wide military blade. The now popular misnomer "broadsword"             in reference to Medieval blades actually originated with collectors             in the early 19th century -although many mistranslations and misinterpretations             of Medieval literature during the 19th and 20th centuries have inserted             the word broadsword in place of other terms.   They described             swords of earlier ages as being "broader" than their own contemporary             thinner ones. Many 17th-19th century blades such as spadroons, cutlasses,             and straight sabers are classed as broadswords as are other closed             hilt military swords. The weapon known as the true broadsword is in             fact a form of short cutlass. The term "broadsword" does not appear             in English military texts from the 1570s - 1630s and noes not show             up in inventories of sword types from the 1630's, and likely came             into use sometime between 1619 and 1630. Descriptions of swords as             "broad" before this time are only incidental and the word "broad"             is used as an adjective in the same way "sharp" or "large" would be             applied. Leading arms curators almost always list the broadsword specifically             as a close-hilted military sword from the second half of the 17th             century.  Those cage and basket hilted blades used by cavalry             starting in the 1640's were in form, "broadswords." During this time             a gentleman's blade had become the slender small-sword, whereas the             military used various cutting blades. Today, arms collectors, museum             curators theatrical-fighters, and fantasy-gamers have made the word             broadsword a common, albeit blatantly historically incorrect, term             for the Medieval sword. Long-Swords
  The             various kinds of long bladed Medieval swords that had handles long             enough to be used in two hands were deemed long-swords (German Langenschwert/             Langes             Swert             or Italian spada             longa).             Long-swords,             war-swords,             or great             swords             are characterized by having both             a long grip and a long blade. We know at the time that Medieval warriors             did distinguished war-swords or great-swords ("grant espees" or "grete             swerdes") from "standard" swords in general, but long-swords were             really just those larger versions of typical one-handed swords, except             with stouter blades. They were "longer swords," as opposed to single-hand             swords, or just "swords." They could be used on foot or mounted and             sometimes even with a shield. The term war-sword from the 1300's referred             to larger swords that were carried in battle. They were usually kept             on the saddle as opposed to worn on the belt.  A 15th century             Burgundian manual refers to both "great and small swords." As a convenient             classification, long-swords include great-swords, bastard-swords,             and estocs. In the 1200’s in England blunt swords for non-lethal             tournaments were sometimes known as "arms of courtesy." There is a             reference to an English tournament of 1507 in which among the events             contestants are challenged to "8 strookes with Swords rebated." Wooden             training weapons were sometimes called wasters             in the 1200's or batons             in the 1300's and 1400's. Knightly combat with blunt or "foyled" weapons             for pleasure was known as à             plaisance,             combat to the death was à             lóuutrance.             In Germanic lands during, special practice longswords with flexible             blunt blades and rounded points were usually known as Federschwerter             or "feather-swords." Great-Swords
  Those             blades long and weighty enough to demand a double grip are great-swords.             They are infantry swords which cannot be used in a single-hand. Originally             the term "great-sword" (gret sord, grete swerde,             or grant espée), only meant a war-sword (long-sword), but it             has now more or less come to mean a sub-class of those larger long-swords/war-swords             that are still not true two-handers. They were even known as Grete             Swerdes of Warre or Grans Espees de Guerre. Although they             are "two hand" swords, great-swords not are the specialized weapons             of later two-handed swords. They are the swords that are antecedents             to the even larger Renaissance versions. Great-swords are also the             weapons often depicted in various German sword manuals. A Medieval             great-sword might also be called a "twahandswerds" or "too honde swerd."             Whereas other long-swords could be used on horseback and some even             with shields, great swords however were infantry weapons only. Their             blades might be flat and wide or later on, more narrow and hexagonal             or diamond shaped. These larger swords capable of facing heavier weapons             such as pole-arms and larger axes were devastating against lighter             armors. Long, two-handed swords with narrower, flat hexagonal blades             and thinner tips (such as the Italian "spadone") were a response to             plate-armor. Against plate armor such rigid, narrow, and sharply pointed             swords are not used in the same chop and cleave manner as with flatter,             wider long-swords and great swords. Instead, they are handled with             tighter movements that emphasize their thrusting points and allow             for greater use of the hilt. Those of the earlier parallel-edged shape             are known more as war-swords, while later the thicker, tapering, sharply             pointed form were more often called bastard-swords. One type of long             German sword, the "Rhenish Langenschwert," from the Rhenish city of             Cologne, had a blade of some 4 feet and an enormous grip of some 14             to 16 inches long, not including the pommel. Bastard Swords
  In             the early 1400's (as early as 1418) a form of long-sword often with             specially shaped grips for one or two hands, became known as an Espée             Bastarde or "bastard sword." The term may derive not form the             blade length, but because bastard-swords typically had longer handles             with special "half-grips" which could be used by either one or both             hands. In this sense they were neither a one-handed sword nor a true             great-sword/two-handed sword, and thus not a member of either "family"             of sword. Evidence shows the their blade were typically tapered. Since             newer types of shorter swords were coming into use, the term "bastard-sword"             came to distinguish this form of long-sword. Bastard-swords typically             had longer handles with special "half-grips" which could be used by             either one or both hands. These handles have recognizable "waist"             and "bottle" shapes (such grips were later used on the Renaissance             two-handed sword). The unique bastard-sword half-grip was a versatile             and practical innovation. Although, once again classification is not             clear since the term "bastard-sword" appears to have not been entirely             exclusive to those swords with so-called "hand-and-a-half" handles             as older styles of long-sword were still in limited use. Bastard-swords             varied and they might have either a flat blade or narrow hexagonal             one for fighting plate-armor. Some were intended more for cutting             while others were better for thrusting. Bastard swords continued to             be used by knights and men-at-arms into the 1500's. Their hilt style             leads toward the shorter cut & thrust sword forms of the Renaissance.             Strangely, in the early Renaissance the term bastard-sword was also             sometimes used to refer to single-hand arming-swords with compound-hilts.             A form of German arming sword with a bastard-style compound hilt was             called a "Reitschwert" ("cavalry sword") or a "Degen" ("knight's sword").             Although these might have been forms of single-hand estoc. The             familiar modern term "hand-and-a-half" was more or less coined to             describe bastards swords specifically. The term "hand-and-a-half sword"             is often used in reference to long-swords is not historical and is             sometimes misapplied to other swords (although during the late 1500's,             long after such blades fell out of favor, some German forms of this             phrase are believed to have been used). While             there is no evidence of the term “hand-and-a-half” having             been used during the Middle Ages, either in English or other languages,             it does appear in the 16th             century.  In his 1904 bibliography of Spanish texts, D. Enrique             de Leguina gives a 1564 reference to una             espada estoque de mano y media,             and a 1594 reference to una             espada de mano y media.             In the Ragionamento,             the unpublished appendix to his 1580, Traite             d Escrime             (“Fencing Treatise”), Giovanni Antonio Lovino describes             one sword as una             spada di una mano et mana et meza (literally             “hand and a half sword”) which he distinguishes from the             much larger spada             da due mani             or two-handed sword (the immense Renaissance weapon). The term spadone             was used by Fiore Dei Liberi in 1410 to refer to a tapering long-sword             and Camillo Agrippa in 1550 called the spadone             a war sword. Later it was defined by John Florio in his 1598 Italian-English             dictionary as “a long or two-hand sword.”
 Two-handed Swords
 The Estoc The             term "two-hander" or "two-handed sword" (espée a deure mains              or spada da due mani ) was in use as early as 1400 and is really             a classification of sword applied both to Medieval great-swords as             well Renaissance swords (the true two-handed swords). Such weapons             saw more use in the later Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Technically,             true two-handed swords (epee's a deux main) were actually Renaissance,             not Medieval weapons. They are really those specialized forms of the             later 1500-1600's, such as the Swiss/German Dopplehander  ("double-hander")             or Bidenhander  ("both-hander") or Zweihander  / Zweyhander              are relatively modern not historical terms. English ones were sometimes             referred to as "slaughterswords" after the German Schlachterschwerter              ("battle swords"). These weapons were used primarily for fighting             against pike-squares where they would hack paths through lobbing the             tips off the poles. In Germany, England, and elsewhere schools also             taught their use for single-combat. In True two-handed swords have             compound-hilts with side-rings and enlarged cross-guards of up to             12 inches. Most have small, pointed lugs or flanges protruding from             their blades 4-8 inches below their guard. These parrierhaken              or "parrying hooks" act almost as a secondary guard for the ricasso             to prevent other weapons from sliding down into the hands. They make             up for the weapon's slowness on the defence and can allow another             blade to be momentarily trapped or bound up. They can also be used             to strike with. The most well-known of "twa handit swordis" is the             Scottish Claymore  (Gaelic for "claidheamh-more" or great-sword)             which developed out of earlier Scottish great-swords with which they             are often compared. They were used by the Scottish Highlanders against             the English in the 1500's. Another sword of the same name is the later             Scots basket-hilt broadsword (a relative of the Renaissance Slavic-Italian             schiavona) whose hilt completely enclosed the hand in a cage-like             guard. Both swords have come to be known by the same name since the             late 1700's. Certain wave or flame-bladed two-handed swords have come             to be known by collectors as flamberges , although this is inaccurate.             Such swords developed in the early-to-mid 1500's and are more appropriately             known as flammards  or flambards  (the German Flammenschwert ).             The flamberge was also a term later applied to certain types of rapiers.             The wave-blade form is visually striking but really no more effective             in its cutting than a straight one. There were also huge two-handed             blades known as "bearing-swords" or "parade-swords" (Paratschwert ),             weighing up to 12 or even 15 pounds and which were intended only for             carrying in ceremonial processions and parades. In the 1500’s             there were also a few rare single-edged two-handers such as the Swiss-German             Grosse Messer  or later sometimes called a Zwiehand sabel . A             form of long, rigid, pointed, triangular or square bladed and virtually             edgeless sword designed for thrusting into plate-armor was the estoc.             Called a stocco in Italian, estoque in Spanish,              a tuck in English, Panzerstecher or Dreiecker             in German, and a kanzer in Eastern Europe. They were used             with two hands and similar to great-swords (but were unrelated to             later rapiers). They were used in two hands with the second hand often             gripping the blade. Some were sharpened only near the point and others             might have one or two large round hand guards. Because single-hand             versions persisted even into the 17th century, rapiers are sometimes             mistakenly identified to as tucks, as there is evidence that during             the early 16th century some early rapiers may have been referred to             as such by the English. In French "estoc"             itself means to thrust. The Claymore
 
  Identified             with the Scot's symbol of the warrior, the term "Claymore" is Gaelic             for "claidheamh-more" (great sword). This two-handed broadsword was             used by the Scottish Highlanders against the English in the 16th century             and is often confused with a Basket-hilt "broadsword" (a relative             of the Italian schiavona)             whose hilt completely enclosed the hand in a cage- like guard. Both             swords have come to be known by the same name since the late 1700's.
 
 The Falchion
 
  A             rarer form of sword that was little more than a meat cleaver, possibly             even a simple kitchen and barnyard tool adopted for war. Indeed, it             may come from a French word for a sickle, "fauchon."             It can be seen in Medieval art being used against lighter armors by             infidels as well as footman and even knights. The weapon is entirely             European and not derived from eastern sources. More common in the             Renaissance, it was considered a weapon to be proficient with in addition             to the sword. The falchion is similar to the German Dusack             (or Dusagge), and has been dubiously suggested as possibly             related to the Dark Age long knife, "seax" (scramanseax), and             even later curved blades such as sabres (or sabels).             Similar to an Arabian "scimitar," the falchion's wide, heavy blade             weighted more towards the point could deliver tremendous blows. Several             varieties were known, most all with single edges and rounded points.             A later Italian falchion with a slender sabre-like blade was called             a "storta" or a "malchus."             Another similar weapon in German was the saber-like Messer.              Large two-hand versions, called Grosse Messers, with straight             or curved single-edged blades were known by 1500. Cut & Thrust Swords             of the Renaissance
  The             generic term "cut and thrust sword" is a general one which can be             applied to a whole range of blade forms (field swords, side-swords,             spada             di lato,             arming swords). However, the Renaissance military sword is generally             characterized by a swept or compound-hilt, a narrow cut-and-thrust             blade with stronger cross-section, and tapering tip. A direct descendant             of the Medieval knightly sword, the cut and thrust sword was used             by lightly armed footmen as well as civilians in the 16th and 17th             centuries. During this time they were employed against a range of             armored and unarmored opponents. They were popular for sword and buckler             and sword and dagger fighting. They utilized an innovative one-handed             grip fingering the ricasso (a dull portion of blade just above the             guard). Renaissance cut and thrust swords should not be referred to             as "early Renaissance swords" since they were actually in use throughout             the period. Military and civilian forms of them existed before, during             and after the development of the rapier. For example, similar blades             (with and without ricassos and compound hilts) saw use in the English             Civil War and even later. They should also not be referred to as "sword-rapiers"             or "early rapiers," although in a sense, some of them were. Renaissance             cut & thrust swords were their own distinct sword type. Although             sometimes considered a "transition" form, this is inaccurate as they             were both the ancestor and contemporary of the rapier for which they             are often misidentified. Some forms of cage and basket hilts blades             are occasionally referred to as "riding swords" by collectors and             curators, and sometimes even as "broadswords." However, the 16th century             Italians did sometimes distinguish between spada             da cavallo,             or a blade for horsemen, spada             da fante,             an infantry sword for foot-soldiers, and later spada             da lato             (side sword), a civilian cut-and-thrust sword, a form of which only             later became the rapier (in modern times sometimes called a stricia). The Back-Sword
  The             back-sword or Backe swerd was a less-common form of single-edged             renaissance military cut & thrust blade with a compound-hilt (side-rings             or anneus, finger-rings, knuckle-bar, etc.). Most popular in England             with a buckler or target from at least the 1520’s, it was long             enough for both mounted and infantry and favored because its single-edge             designed allowed for a superior cutting blow. It was also popular             in Germany. Back-swords may be related to later single-edged European             blade forms and came in a variety of hilts and lengths. They also             include later Hangers and hunting swords, as well as Mortuary-hilt             and Walloon-hilt broadswords. 
 The Schiavona
 
  A             form of agile Renaissance cut & thrust sword with a decorative             cage-hilt and distinctive "cat-head" pommel. So named for the Schiavoni             or Venetian Doge’s Slavonic mercenaries and guards of the 1500’s             who favored the weapon. They are usually single edged back-swords             but may also be wide or narrow double edged blades. Some have ricasso             for a fingering grip while others have thumb-rings. The Schiavona             is often considered the antecedent to other cage hilt swords such             as the Scottish basket-hilted "broadsword." 
 The Katzbalger
 
  A             form of typically one-handed sword with a shorter blade and invariably             "S" shaped guard. It was favored by pikemen and the Swiss/German Landesknetchs             for fighting close in amidst pike-squares. Many were originally longer,             wider blades which were cut down and remounted. The name likely derives             from a word associated with cat-gut or cat-skin. Their lengths varied             from short to mid-sized. 
 The Rapier
 
  Popular             in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the rapier was a dueling             weapon whose form was developed from cut and thrust swords. Its use             was more brutal and forceful than the light sport fencing that we             know of today. Originally, starting about 1470, any civilian sword             was often referred to as simply a "rapier," but it quickly took on             the meaning of a slender, civilian thrusting sword. There is also             an English document from the 1500's that uses the term "rapier-sword"             for advising courtiers how to be armed, indicating the understanding             that there were new slender blades coming into civilian use. Eventually             developing into an edgeless, ideal thrusting weapon, the quick, innovative             rapier superseded the military cut & thrust sword for personal             duel and urban self-defense. Being capable of making only limited             lacerations, earlier varieties of rapier are still often confused             with the cut and thrust swords which gave gestation to their method.             As a civilian weapon of urban self-defense, a true rapier was a tip-based             thrusting sword that used stabbing and piercing, not slashing and             cleaving. True rapier blades ranged from early flatter triangular             blades to thicker, narrow hexagonal ones. Rapier hilts range from             swept styles, to later dishes and cups. It had no true cutting edge             such as with military swords for war. 
  The             so-called "sword-rapier" is actually a term invented by collectors             in the last century and is not a historical one. Increasingly, many             Renaissance cut and thrust swords are mistakenly labeled as such.             With the ascendancy of rapiers over swords in personal duel and private             quarrel, there were many attempts to combine the slashing and cleaving             potential of a traditional military sword with the quick, agile thrust             of a dueling rapier. This lead to a great deal of experimental blade             forms, many of which were dismal failures with neither the cutting             power of wider swords, nor the speed and lightness of true rapiers.             Made to do both, they typically did neither very well and few examples             of these blades forms survive. They do appear to have been popular             with high-ranking military officers during the mid 17th century (who             of course, would be among those least likely to engage in battlefield             hand-to- hand combat). They are also sometimes mistakenly called "cutting             rapiers" or assumed to be some form of "transition" blade between             swords and rapiers. The Flamberge
  An             unusual waved-bladed rapier popular with officers and upper classes             during the 1600s. It was considered to look both fashionable and deadly             as well as erroneously believed to inflict a more deadly wound. When             parrying with the flamberge,             the opponent's sword was slowed slightly as it passed along the length.             It also created a disconcerting vibration in the other blade. The             term flamberge was also used             later to describe a dish-hilted rapier with a normal straight blade.             Certain wave or flame-bladed two-handed swords have also come to be             known by collectors as "flamberges,"             although this is inaccurate. Such swords are more appropriately known             as "flammards" or "flambards."              Such blade styles exist in numeorus forms and even appear on             two-handed great swords of the 1500s. The Baroque Small             Sword
 
 Curved Blades             in the Medieval and Renaissance Eras This             Baroque descendant of the rapier became the gentleman's side-arm of             choice in the 18th century. Sometimes known as a "court-sword," a             "walking-sword," or "town-sword," small-swords developed in the late             Renaissance as a personal dueling tool and weapon of self-defense.             Most popular in the 1700's it is sometimes confused with the rapier.             It consisted almost exclusively of a sharp pointed metal rod with             a much smaller guard and finger-rings. Its blade was typically a hollow             triangular shape and was much thicker at the hilt. Most had no edge             at all, and were merely rigid, pointed, metal rods. Some forms were             simply shortened and re-hilted old rapiers, others were special models             crafted with extra large ricassos to resist the slashes of sabers             and cutlasses. They were popular with the upper classes especially             as decorative fashion accessories, worn like jewelry. In a skilled             hand the small sword was an effective and deadly instrument. Until             the early 1800s it continued to be used even against older rapiers             and even some cutting swords. It is the small-sword rather than the             rapier which leads to the epee and foil of modern sport fencing.
 While             it is the straight-bladed cruciform sword style that for both war             and duel was perfected in Europe as no where else, curved swords             were hardly unknown. Many forms were known from the ancient convex-bladed             Greek kopis and Iberian falcatta, to the laengsaex             curved Viking blade, as well as the short-sword/long-knife seax             or scramsax. There is also the Medieval falchion and the German             curved Messer, Grossmessr, and bohemian Dusask             The Italians used the curved storta, the straight bladed but             curved-edge braquemart and the curved badelair (baudelair,             bazelair, or basilaire) as well as the short curved braquet.             Finally, wide varieties of sabers, sabres, sabels, and             cutlasses were used from at least the mid-1500’s. Indigenous             European curved sword forms such as the Czech tesak, Polish             tasak, and Russian tisak were used since at least the             7th century.  Sword             Parts 
 Many             sword types are closely identified with a particular style of hilt.              Yet hilts were very often replaced on blades over time a weapon.             Thus, a sword cannot be classified or categorized by whatever kind             of cross, pommel, or grip it has, but by the length, form, and geometry             of its blade.  Hilt             - The upper portion of a sword consisting of the cross-guard, handle/grip,             and pommel (most Medieval swords have a straight cross or cruciform-hilt).Called the Handhabein German. In Old French the crosspiece was called helz,             the grip called poing, the             pommel called pom, and the             handle might be bound with metal rings called mangon. Cross             - The typically straight bar or "guard" of a Medieval sword, also             called a "cross-guard." A Renaissance term for the straight or curved             cross-guard was the quillons (possibly from an old French or Latin             term for a type of reed). Fiore Dei Liberi in 1410 referred             to it as the crucibus. Fillipo Vadi in the 1480s termed it             the cross-guard or "crosses," Elza term. Called the Gehiltz             or Gehultz in German. Called the Kreuz in Germanand Croce in Italian. Quillons:             A Renaissance term for the two cross-guards (forward and back) whether             straight or curved. It is likely from an old French or Latin term             for a reed. On Medieval swords the cross guard may be called simply             the "cross," or just the "guard." Pommel:             Latin for "little apple," the counter-weight which secures the hilt             to the blade and allows the hand either rest on it or grip it. Forte':             A Renaissance term for the upper portion on a sword blade which has             more control and strength and which does most   Foible:             A Renaissance term for the lower portion on a sword blade which is             weaker (or "feeble") but has more agility and speed and which does             most of the attacking.Fuller             - A shallow central-groove or channel on a blade which lightens it             as well as improves strength and flex. Sometimes mistakenly called             a "blood-run" or "blood-groove," it has nothing to do with blood flow,             cutting power, or a blade sticking. A sword might have one, none,             or several fullers running a portion of its length, on either one             or both sides. Narrow deep fullers are also sometimes referred to             as flukes. The opposite of a fuller is a riser, which improves rigidity. Grip             - The handle of a sword, usually made of leather, wire, bone, horn,             or ivory (also, a term for the method of holding the sword). Lower             end - the tip portion or final quarter of blade on a sword Pommel             - Latin for "little apple," the counter-weight which secures the hilt             to the blade and allows the hand to either rest on it or grip it.             Sometimes it includes a small rivet (capstan rivet) called a pommel             nut, pommel bolt, or tang nut. On some Medieval swords the pommel             may be partially or fully gripped and handled. Ricasso             - The dull portion of a blade just above the hilt. It is intended             for wrapping the index finger around to give greater tip control (called             "fingering"). Not all sword forms had ricasso. They can be found on             many Bastard-swords, most cut & thrust swords and later rapiers.             Those on Two-Handed swords are sometimes called a "false-grip," and             usually allow the entire second had to grip and hold on. The origin             of the term is obscure. Shoulder             - The corner portion of a sword separating the blade from the tang. Tang             - The un-edged hidden portion or ("tongue") of a blade running through             the handle and to which the pommel is attached. The place where the             tang connects to the blade is called the "shoulder." A sword's tang             is sometimes of a different temper than the blade itself. The origin             of the term is obscure. Upper             end - The hilt portion of a Medieval sword Waisted-grip             - A specially shaped handle on some bastard or hand-and-a-half swords,             consisting of a slightly wider middle and tapering towards the pommel. Annellet/Finger-Ring:             The small loops extending toward the blade from the quillons intended             to protect a finger wrapped over the guard. They developed in the             middle-ages and can be found on many styles of Late-Medieval swords.             They are common on Renaissance cut & thrust swords and rapiers             they and also small-swords. For some time they have been incorrectly             called the "pas d`ane."  Compound-Hilt/Complex-Guard:             A term used for the various forms of hilt found on Renaissance and             some late-Medieval swords. They consist typically of finger-rings,             side-rings or ports, a knuckle-bar, and counter-guard or back-guard.             Swept-hilts, ring-hilts, cage-hilts, and some basket-hilts are forms             of complex-guard.  |